cuba average height

In a population with perfectly equal access to nutrition and health resources, height distribution would only reflect genetic variation. Some researchers argue that this is due to selection: the least healthy children whose growth is stunted due to malnutrition do not survive to adulthood, while the survivors are healthier and taller. In other words, resource-based variance due to income inequality is added to genetic variance, widening the distribution of heights. A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 675km of tidal flats in Cuba, making it the 38th-ranked country in terms of tidal flat area.[5]. Berkey, C. S., Colditz, G. A., Rockett, H. R., Frazier, A. L., & Willett, W. C. (2009). This represents a range of 22 cm, or 8 inches. : National Bureau of Economic Research., figures 3 and 4,andKoepke, Nikola, and Joerg Baten. But it gains statistical significance at lower incomes, where fertility rates are relatively high. In this chart, we can see the same metric for men. Cuba has historically been dependent on oil imports. Another leading mineral resource is cobalt, a byproduct of nickel mining operations. The data shown here is based on a global study, published by NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) in 2016.3 This dataset is based on both demographic and health surveys as well as academic studies. Physical status: The use of and interpretation of anthropometry, Report of a WHO Expert Committee. In a normal distribution, the mean and median are the same. It was made in three stages.[2]. region has simultaneously achieved progress, North Americans were the tallest in the world, A century of trends in adult human height, The worlds tallest nation has stopped growing taller: the height of Dutch children from 1955 to 2009, The relation of menarcheal age to obesity in childhood and adulthood: the Bogalusa heart study, Dairy consumption and female height growth: prospective cohort study, The mysterious trend in American heights in the 20th century, Nutrition in children and adolescents in Europe: what is the scientific basis? The normal distribution of heights allows us to make inferencesabout the range. For more than half a century, the stand-off continued--through the tenure of ten American presidents and the fifty-year rule of Fidel Castro. It reports mean height for adults by year of birth, from 1896 to 1996; in other words, people who had reached their eighteenth birthday from 1914 to 2014. Aman B Pulungan, Madarina Julia, Jose RL Batubara and Michael Hermanussen. There are also regional variations in the heights of women. The relative contribution of genetic factors to differences in heights within populations is defined as heritability. [7], Sugarcane was historically the most important part of the Cuban economy,[8] and large areas are still dedicated to its cultivation; in 2018, Cuba produced an estimated 1.11.3 million tonnes of raw sugar. In the last two centuries height has substantially increased in many world regions, but up until modern times the archeological record of human skeletons suggests that there was no trend towards improving living conditions. The two tables present estimates of the heights of men in foraging and subsistence societies with those from preindustrial societies. With regards the first table, original studies and sources should be consulted for details on methodology and the exact populations measured, surveyed, or considered. Positive values here indicate an increase in average height from one year to the next; zero indicates no change; and negative indicates a decline. positively correlated). Other mountain ranges are Sierra Cristal in the southeast, Escambray Mountains in the center of the island, and Sierra del Rosario in the northwest. Austin, TX: University of Texas Institute of Latin American Studies. Journal of economic literature, 33(4), 1903. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag. Schnbeck, Y., Talma, H., van Dommelen, P., Bakker, B., Buitendijk, S. E., HiraSing, R. A., & van Buuren, S. (2013). Oxford: Tempus Reparatum. Compare this to Madagascar, which had the smallest gain of only 1.5 cm. On average, women work less - 34 hours a week - and earn less - 22,151. Why is the relationship between individuals heights and a countrys socioeconomic development so strong? The month with the lowest average high temperature is January (25.8C). Some countries may have significant height gaps between different regions. As the chart shows, boys are typically a fraction taller than girls at birth. The Physical Characteristics of the Sandawe. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 77(1): 6178. Cuba makes maritime claims that include a territorial sea of 12 nautical miles (22.2km; 13.8mi) and an exclusive economic zone of 350,751km2 (135,426sqmi) with 200 nautical miles (370.4km; 230.2mi). Furthermore, less energy expenditure due to a sedentary lifestyle leads to an increase in overweight and obesity which, in turn, are related to lower height.12 Additionally, the high consumption of milk in the Netherlands, which has been linked to tallness, declined over the past decade from 63 litres per capita per year in 2000 to 60 in 2010.13. Shapiro H (1939) Migration and Environment: a study of the physical characteristics of the Japanese immigrants to Hawaii and the effects of environment on their descendants. Catherine Panter-Brick, Robert H. Layton, and Peter Rowley-Conwy. To calculate the mean of a range of values, we sum them all and divide by the number of values. The ten tallest countries, with the first one being the country with the tallest average human height in the world, include: The Netherlands 72.36 inches Montenegro 72.13 inches Denmark 71.89 inches Norway 71.81 inches Serbia 71.65 inches Germany 71.26 inches Croatia 71.06 inches The Czech Republic 70.97 inches Slovenia 70.98 inches Greater environmental variance within a population is also reflected by a wider distribution of heights. It is worth noting that using skeletal remains is subject to measurement error with respect to the estimated height and time period. Some studies have reported up to 83 coding variants that are associated with height. This is unlikely to be the case when measuring the height of skeletons. Grasgruber (2016)found that the socioeconomic factor most strongly correlated with male height is child mortality.35. The average Liberian is 159.66cm (5 feet 2.85 inches) tall. BMC pediatrics, 3(1), 3. Despite variation across countries, men and women globally saw similar gains: about 8 to 9 cm. Natural resources include cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, salt, timber, silica, oil and petroleum. It has fallen since then to around 22% in 2017, but with large variations across the world. Joint, W. H. O. Economics & Human Biology, 15, 81-100. A study published in Nature examined the recent stagnation of heights in the Netherlands, the tallest population in the world.11, They found similar results: that the 150 year increase in average heights in the Netherlands had came to an end in recent decades. The climate within the latitude and longitude of Cuba is tropical in nature. Some countries saw very different changes for men and women. Cuba wave (swell) map for surfers, windsurfers and sailors showing open ocean wave size, wave period and wave energy. For women, this increased from 151 cm to 159 cm. The source is Clark (2008) A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. An average Liberian woman is 155.66cm (5 feet 1.28 inches) tall. Our World in Data is free and accessible for everyone. We might therefore expect that in countries where the fertility rate is high, health expenditure and nutritional quality per child is low, while incidence of disease is high. On average, the shortest men can be found in South Asia, where the average height is 165 cm, while the tallest are from Europe and Central Asia, at 177 cm. [9] The importance of the sugar harvest has declined, with tourism, tobacco, nickel, and pharmaceuticals surpassing sugar in economic importance.[9]. Biological Anthropology of Bronze Age Harappans: New Perspectives. In The People of South Asia: The Biological Anthropology of India, Pakistan, and Nepal, ed. Available online here. Biased samples yield biased results: What historical heights can teach us about past living standards. However, diets in low-income countries are often dependent on a single staple food source. The main island (Cuba) has 5,746km (3,570mi) of coastline and 28.5km (17.7mi) of land bordersall figures including the U.S. Navy's Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. As such, its possible that heights particularly in countries where living standards are still relatively low can further increase. It is bordered on the north by the Straits of Florida, on the northeast by Nicholas Channel and the Old Bahama Channel. Evolution aside, the genes of a population are fixed.10. For clarification, the imperial system measures height by way of feet and inches, whereas the metric system uses meters and centimeters. How do the growth trends for boys and girls in childhood differ? Nature genetics, 46(11), 1173. Adult heights within a population are approximately normally distributed due to genetic and environmental variance.38, Height is partly determined by the interaction of 423 genes with 697 variants.39, One of the basic rules of probability (known as the Central Limit Theorem) says the distribution of a trait that is determined by independent random variables, like height and genes, roughly follows a bell curve. Animal proteins form an increasingly large part of our diets as income increases. Economics & Human Biology, 1(2), 267-276. Bowman, S. A., & Vinyard, B. T. (2004). All other material, including data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data, is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. People of the Great Ocean: Aspects of the Human Biology of the Early Pacific. Milk, ham and cereal The ONS said the average man in England was 5ft 9in (175.3cm) tall and weighed 13.16 stone (83.6kg). d Masali, M. 1972. e Page 327 in Boaz, Franz. Nutrition reviews, 74(3), 149-165. In March, in Havana, Cuba, the average low-temperature is 19.7C (67.5F). The Source is Clark (2008) A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. Wages in Cuba increased to 3830 CUP/Month in 2021 from 1194 CUP/Month in 2020. There are also clear distinctions between regions. But for other distributions, they can be very different. This list shows the average height of male individuals from each country. i Page 172 in Truswell, A. Stewart, and John D. L. Hansen. Nutrition & metabolism, 13(1), 64. Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height. Anthropometry of Shoshonean Tribes. American Anthropologist New Series 1(4): 751758. List. If we compare adult men born in 1996 versus those born a century earlier men who had reached the age of 18 in 2014 versus 1914 we see that the global mean height for men increased from 162 to 171 centimeters (cm). Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. This makes the study of human height relevant for historians who want to understand the history of living conditions. Interestingly, the global average height is 159.5 cm for women, and 171 cm for men its lower than wed expect. h Page 267 in Guppy, H. B. Adult height and childhood disease. Height is often seen as a proxy for biological standards of living: the World Health Organisation recommends its use to predict health, performance, and survival.20. They found that literate conscripts were always taller than illiterate ones (by nearly 1 cm), and agricultural workers, with fewer economic resources, were significantly shorter (by 3.6 cm) than highly qualified non-manual workers.47. Fast food consumption of US adults: impact on energy and nutrient intakes and overweight status. The main island (Cuba), at 104,556km2 (40,369sqmi), makes up most of the land area[1] and is the 17th-largest island in the world by land area. This means 68% of women were between 157.6 and 171.8 cm; and 95% between 150.6 and 178.84 cm. Cuba is the principal island, which is surrounded by four main groups of islands. Nutrition research, 22(1-2), 193-220. Countries and territories shaded by average elevation. The global average height of adult women born in 1996 is 159 cm, or 5 foot and 3 inches. The underlying idea here is that migration from poor countries to rich ones may lead to dramatic changes between generations. A study of male heights across 105 different countries determined that that height and the HDI [Human Development Index] seem to be largely interchangeable as indicators of human well-being.21 This is illustrated in the following scatter plot which shows the relationship between a countrys Human Development Index and average male height by year of birth. Van Zanden, J. L., Baten, J., Foldvari, P., & Van Leeuwen, B. The global mean height of adult men born in 1996 is 171 centimetres (cm), or 5 foot and 7.5 inches. Conscripts, 19 (N= m:12,447, Median= m:178.0cm (5ft 10in), SD= m: Non-Hispanic white, 2039 (N= m:715 f:689), Non-Hispanic black, 2039 (N= m:405 f:418), Non-Hispanic Asian, 2039 (N= m:260 f:272), 18 (around 22,400 families across 25 cities and provinces). Because the effect of better material living standards is to make people taller, human height is used as an indirect measure for living standards. "[7] Offshore exploration in the North Cuba Basin had revealed the possibility of an additional 4.6 billion barrels (730,000,000m3) of technically recoverable crude oil, 0.9 billion barrels of natural gas liquids, and 9.8 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. Constant exposure and activity lead to possible fatigue. By contrast, Marshallese men grew by less than 0.5%. The Biological Standard of Living in Europe during the Last Two Millennia. European Review of Economic History 9(1): 6195. As such, low-income countries are unlikely to exhibit enough dietary diversity. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the average age-adjusted height for American men 20 years and older is is 69.1 inches (175.4 cm), or 5 feet 9 inches tall, and the average height of an American female over 20 years of age is 63.5 inches (161.5 cm), or 5' 3.5" tall. [7] As of 2011, Cuba had six offshore petroleum development projects with foreign oil companies Petrovietnam (Vietnam), Petronas (Malaysia), PDVSA (Venezuela), Sonangol (Angola), ONGC (India), Repsol (Spain), and Statoil (Norway). This relationship is illustrated in the scatter plot, with child mortality rate on the y-axis and mean male height on the x-axis. Cuba's terrain is mostly flat or rolling plains, with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast. With the onset of modernity, we see a massive spike in heights in the developed world. Height (meters) Height (feet) Filter : References Embed or download Source Average Male Height by Country, Average Height, viewed 3rd February, 2016, < http://www.averageheight.co/average-male-height-by-country >. Relative changes offer a different perspective on changes in average human heights, illustrated here for men and herefor women. Mesolithic times, middle ages, subsistence societies and modern foragers. While average height of men around the world increased by 5%, the percentage change in the height of Iranian men was double that at 10%. The southern coast includes such archipelagos as Jardines de la Reina and the Canarreos. Predictions are available in time steps of 3 hours for up to 10 days into the future. Boys peak later, at around 18 years old. But the Netherlands spends much more on healthcare: healthcare expenditure in Oman is 4.0% of gross domestic product (GDP) versus 10.1% of GDP in the Netherlands. Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. Please consult our full legal disclaimer. This disparity between the actual and expected global average height may be due to the fact that historically, and still today, a large share of children are stunted. Prevalence of trade winds helps to cool down much of the areas of Cuba . Most of Cuba has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) according to the Kppen Climate classification, though some areas also have a tropical monsoon climate and a tropical rainforest climate, with a hot semi-arid climate in the Guantnamo Bay area. These standards are used to assess the degree to which the health and nutritional demands for growth and development are met around the world. The original source of the Data is Steckel, 2001. There are also options to display live wind observations from ships, wave buoys and weather stations on the wave . NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2016). Countries which lie above the grey line saw greater height increase for men than for women; for countries below the line, the opposite is true. Animal source food usually contains higher quality protein than plant source food. At one time the whole island was covered with forests, and there are still many cedar (Cedrela odorata), chechem (Metopium brownei), mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), and other valuable trees. In the United States, the average woman is a little under 5 feet 4 inches tall at 63.5 inches. Twin and adoption studies typically estimate heritability at about 0.8.49. d Page 207 in Hawkes, Ernest William. 1970. In Cuba, the climate is tropical, with a dry and relatively cool season from late November to mid-April, and a rainy and muggy season from late April to early November. The American Historical Review, 90(5), 1149-1161. doi:10.2307/1859662. How do heights vary: do most people have heights very similar to the average; or do they span a wide range? (2014). Joint, F. A. O. A century later, this was almost the same 10 to 11 cm. This height disparity between the sexes is present everywhere in the world. Journal of the american college of nutrition, 23(2), 163-168. As with men, the tallest women are European and Central Asian, with a mean height of 164 cm, while women from South Asia tend to be the shortest, measuring 153 cm on average. These coding variants can cause changes of up to 2 cm/allele ( Marouli et al., 2016 ). They are also a good source of micronutrients, such as iron and zinc, which are necessary for metabolism.26 A diet that includes a large proportion of animal source food is therefore likely to provide sufficient amounts of micronutrients and essential amino acids. [20], Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, Vol. John R. Lukacs. Grasgruber, P., Cacek, J., Kalina, T., & Sebera, M. (2014). Havana, Cuba Average high temperature in April: 28.6C The warmest month (with the highest average high temperature) is August (31.6C). Better-known smaller towns include Baracoa, which was the first Spanish settlement on Cuba, Trinidad, a UNESCO world heritage site, and Bayamo. Moradi, A., & Baten, J. Disease during childhood can restrict growth because it reduces the availability of nutrients and raises metabolic requirements.34. In the latest available data, the global mean height for men was 171 cm, versus 159 cm for women. As such, high incidences of disease should lead to shorter average heights. For example, 0.2% of children in Finland die before they are 5 years old compared to 7.4% of children in Afghanistan; the average male heights in Finland is significantly taller at 180 cm versus 165 cm. c Steckel 2001. The role of fertility in high-income countries is marginal since fertility rates are already very low. The relationship between health and height is reinforced by the significant impact of healthcare expenditure. Members of the high castes who had better access to nutrition and health resources were 4.5 cm taller on average than members of the low castes.45, Genetic differences between caste groups are unlikely to account for this height difference, due to the populations common genetic heritage.46, Furthermore, Ayuda (2014) identified a relationship between socioeconomic status and height among Spanish conscripts from 1850 to 1958. The capacity of different protein sources to satisfy these demands, based on their amino acid profile and digestibility, is defined as protein quality.25. 2001. The latitude and longitude of Cuba covers 110,860 square kilometer of total land. Research has shown that height is a heritable trait acquired from an individual's parents ( Bentham et al., 2016 ). There is no clear difference between these records suggesting that preindustrial societies were just as badly off as their ancestors millennia ago which is consistent with the Malthusian Model of the pre-growth economy, which we discuss in our entry on economic growth. Online here. Average low temperature in April: 20.9C The month with the highest average low temperature is August (24.1C). (2018). It combines data from World Health Organization (WHO) growth reference standards for infants, children, and adolescents. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. At this stage, theyre 13 centimeters taller than girls on average. Different social groups can show different mean height. The largest absolute change was seen for South Korean women, whose mean height increased by 20 cm. Hur, Y. M., Kaprio, J., Iacono, W. G., Boomsma, D. I., McGue, M., Silventoinen, K., & He, M. (2008). Even though the metric system is the most common measurement system, we will include the average height by country in both metric units and imperial units. Unequal access to these resources within a population means that wealthier individuals could have better health and nutrition, and therefore tend to grow taller than poorer ones; variance of heights therefore becomes larger. This represents a range of 22 cm, or 8 inches. We see this distribution of heights in the chart. Other indigenous, 2024 (N= m:257 f:380, SD= m: 20+ (N= 984 (m:494 f:490, SD= m:8.07cm (3in) f: 20+ (N= 496 (m:241 f:255, SD= m:8.09cm (3in) f: Chinese conscripts, average age 18.5 SD 1.2, (N= 104,223, SD= 6.2cm), Malay conscripts, average age 18.5 SD 1.2, (N= 25,405, SD= 6.2cm), Indian conscripts, average age 18.4 SD 1.3, (N= 11,865 , SD= 6.6cm). Estimating trends in historical heights. As such, variations in height across the world indicate not only genetic differences, but also general differences in living standards. Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. The Havanese is AKC's 142nd breed. Here we see that people are taller in countries with a higher standard of living. height, weight and body mass index values from birth to adulthood", "Estudio Antropomtrico de la Poblacin Femenina en Espaa", "Grupo Investigacin Antropometra Instituto de Biomecnica > Metodologa", "The average height of 18- and 19-year-old conscripts (N=458,322) in Switzerland from 1992 to 2009, and the secular height trend since 1878", "Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan 2011", Institutional Profile: Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, "Secular changes and predictors of adult height for 86 105 male and female members of the Thai Cohort Study born between 1940 and 1990", "Rapport final de l'enqute STEPS Togo 2010, Togo STEPS survey report", "Kingdom of Tonga NCD Risk Factors STEPS Report", "Panamerican STEPS chronic non-communicable disease risk factor survey", "Anthropometric Characteristics of Tunisian Population in Comparison to the World", "National household health survey in Turkey prevalence of noncommunicable disease risk factors 2017", "Obesity in adults in Turkey: age and regional effects", "Secular trend in body height and weight of Turkish adults", " STEPS 2018", "Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Baseline Survey, Uganda 2014 Report", "Social and Demographic Characteristics of Households of Ukraine", "National growth charts for the United Arab Emirates", 2011 Census, Population Estimates by single year of age and sex for Local Authorities in the United Kingdom, "Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2015-2018", "Cruzada por lo alto: los petisos denuncian dura discriminacin", " (STEPS )", "The Ministry of Health released the results of a country-wide study conducted by the General Statistics Office and National Institute of Nutrition on the height of Vietnamese citizens in 20192020", "Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants", "Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 201 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Average_human_height_by_country&oldid=1152389037. Why has average human height in Sub-Saharan Africa fallen? Why has growth in human height stagnated in rich countries? As we can see, all countries lie above this line; this means that on average, men are taller than women in every country in the world. Nearly 4,200 islands, islets and cays make up the country. This topic page can be cited as: All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. [7] As this case shows, data taken from a particular social group may not represent a total population in some countries. Recent data on heights uses additional sources including surveys and medical records. Tornadoes are somewhat rare in Cuba; however, on the evening of 27 January 2019, a very rare strong F4 tornado struck the eastern side of Havana, Cuba's capital city. However, the factors that influence height have an upper limit: nutrient intake, for example, likely has limits above which benefits stop. The main island consists mostly of flat to rolling plains. This means that the majority of the variation in height within a population is due to genetic variation, but environmental variation due to socioeconomic factors also has an impact. But which is the most important determinant? Compared to men, there was less of a divergence in female heights by region: for women born in 1896, the gap between the tallest and shortest region was 9 to 10 cm. When child mortality rates decrease, stunted children survive to adulthood, thus lowering the average adult height.19. Headey, D., Hirvonen, K., & Hoddinott, J. These three countries are Liberia, Myanmar, and the United States of America. In statistical terms, its also the case that the mean and median height are the same they fall right in the middle of the distribution.40. These differences are not just geographical: human heights have changed significantly over our history, with increases in every country over the past century. Tallest in the World: Native Amer- icans of the Great Plains in the Nineteenth Century. American Economic Review 91(1): 287294. Thus most of the subjects are between 17 and 18. Early Dry Season Subsistence Ecol- ogy of Cuiva (Hiwi) Foragers of Venezuela. Human Ecology 15(2): 163187. (2006). Adult height, nutrition, and population health. But, over the last few decades, human height in some countries have been stagnating. Cuba ranks as the fifth-largest producer of refined cobalt in the world. You have permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. Cambridge, Mass. By the age of eight, the rate of growth for boys begins to slow, but for girls it stays high and around the age of nine, we see that the median height of girls is slightly higher than for boys. British Archaeological Reports International Series 567. Height (meters) Height (feet) Filter : References Embed or download Source Average Female Height by Country, Average Height, viewed 3rd February, 2016, < http://www.averageheight.co/average-female-height-by-country >. The changing shape of global inequality 18202000; exploring a new dataset. Jos Abreu. Historical data on heights tends to come from soldiers (conscripts), convicted criminals, slaves and servants. This means environmental factors have an important effect during this period.5 There is evidence to suggest that catch-up growth growth that is faster than normal for age and follows a period of growth inhibition is possible if environmental factors improve.67. Secondly, we see that across all regions, average human heights have experienced significant growth over the past century. In Bangladesh, for example, over 75% of dietary energy comes from cereals and grains, 90% of which is rice. The average temperature is 23.1C (73.6F) in January and 27C (80.6F) in July. Citation Average Female Height by Country, ChartsBin.com, viewed 19th April, 2023, <http://chartsbin.com/view/38920>. This is a list of countries and territories by their average elevation above sea level. Team: Houston Astros (majors) Born: January 29, 1987 in Cienfuegos, Cuba cu Debut: March 31, 2014 (Age 27-061d, 20,561st in major league history) vs. MIN 4 AB, 2 H, 0 HR, 1 RBI, 0 SB . Martorell, R. (1989). Common SNPs explain a large proportion of the heritability for human height. Demography, 46(4), 647-669. But around this age the rate of growth of girls begins to slow and boys start to grow faster again so that around the age of 13, boys overtake again. Our World In Data is a project of the Global Change Data Lab, a registered charity in England and Wales (Charity Number 1186433). At the southeastern end is the Sierra Maestra, a range of steep mountains whose highest point is the Pico Real del Turquino at 1,974 metres (6,476ft). [1] The largest island outside the main island is the Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Youth) in the southwest, with an area of 2,200km2 (850sqmi).[1]. b Pages 5152 in Bennike, Pia. In 1961, at the height of the Cold War, the United States severed diplomatic relations with Cuba, where a momentous revolution had taken power three years earlier. Test subjects may have been invited instead of chosen at random, resulting in.
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