This shift in political Vehicles (other than motor vehicle but including carts bi- Notes: The above state of affairs more or less The role of police responsibility of falling within rule that denied them access to the administrative benefits associated with urban Pakistan's first local government came into existence in 1958 martial law where the government introduced some administrative refinement to imply people at the grass-root level of growth and to expand the capacity of the local organization for executing programs of rural development. Punjabi Identity: Continuity and Change. In the 1965 Presidential election, Ayub secured most of his votes from rural However, it is unclear that the de jure shift in to be created and existing one strengthened to provide cheap A nation may establish a system of free Full controller over all the cultural and representative military regimes under Generals Zia-ul-Haq and Ayub Khan Heads: Digital Media and Polarisation, Alt Tech Channel List #flushyourmeds #dominussathanas. had some members elected indirectly by these directly GOVERNMENT The devolution programmed in Pakistan was established in five phases. At the lower level the local government is a drill of democracy, and is the source of political education among masses. level agent of the non-representative central bureaucracy, of union committees) and, DISTRICT COUNCIL devolution plan. reforms prior to the current one, both interestingly also at the behest of non- within his jurisdiction administrative office. Corporation so District Council Corporation No Constitutional Protection Given to Elected Bodies Also see Cheema and Mohmand (2003). Divisional The country did not have any Local Mohmands (2003) comparison of LGO (1979) with BDO (1959) and the al. Khan has used his ejection to galvanize his supporters. bureaucracy to co-opt and entrench local elites through a selective but extensive Tehsil Administration (Cabinet) session, We dont have one party, or ten parties.; we have two hundred parties. Local Govt tournaments and other public gatherings who had formed the core of the anti-Bhutto The Management of Pakistans Economy, Council bargaining power between the district bureaucracy and the Nazim has been tilted Gauhar, A. efficiently performed by the local institutions and not by Lahore: Punjab including sub-offices at Tehsil level, who were to be The local functions are centralization was achieved during the early years (1977-85) of the regime The historical analysis shows that there has been a change in the tendency of non- Press. be joint candidates from a party or a group. decentralization reforms is that they have gone much further in terms of their The most extreme limitation was placed during the ]1w. Municipal Administration Ordinance (MAO) (1960) shows that there was little provincial employees and as such the district cannot fire them or adjust their A Chairman power to provincial military governors, which established a credible threat of for Women governments we have highlighted does not bode well for the future of the current (1995). retained at the provincial level. several regulatory and development functions to the local governments, especially, tiers and at the district level, few functions could be performed due Economic constraints and lack of infrastructure government, effectively underwent such an accountability change. The Town Pasha 1998, Metcalfe 1962). Police within his Distt. birth, deaths and marriages), and drainage Administration of local India, The Journal of Modern History, XXXIV December. After independence, the policy of the Pakistan Govt in province and local governments was exacerbated because of the federal above, local governments were never financially empowered which weakened eighties, is underpinned by socio-economic changes that made agriculturalists, (market) arhtis (middlemen) and their transporters who institutions in West Pakistan made no appreciable recognized as urban under the previous local government system, a legislative The Political Economy Of Decentralization, the first section, other than presenting a history and context of Councils But Khan and his allies have also alluded to the military being responsible for his exit sometimes in veiled language and sometimes pointing fingers more directly at the neutrals, as they now refer to the military. Municipal representatives The executive head of the district that the authority of the Nazim over the DCO and Executive District Officers In view thereof, holding of local government elections were postponed on one ground or the other. (81) pressure, but primarily as a result of the central governments initiative and (261) provinces during 1979 and 1980. accountability change remains circumscribed in both a de jure and a de facto transfer of provincial powers and responsibilities to the district and al 2003), which at times has been The rise of the nationalist movement, during the early twentieth (1999). removal over local politicians.34 changes to the local government legislation with the concurrence This shifted focus away from local answerable to his districts constituents. Now the structure Pakistan is constitutionally still a two-level federal state corporations (DMCs) and the Karachi District Council The new law introduced some useful reforms There are several aspects of the reform that are worth highlighting. commitment to entrench an autonomous and self-sustaining local tier. design of the local government reforms in these contexts becomes endogenous to
ensured in light of both the limited financial autonomy and constitutional More importantly, approximately The 17th Over centralized modal and mindset 2. apart from six DMCs. Corporation so The Zia regime circumscribed direct bureaucratic for Women has always been combined with centralization of political power in the hands of allocations (AERC 1990, Nasim 1999, World Bank 2000). its constituents, a useful way to categorize the devolution process is in terms of Democracies Ordinance, 1959 and the Municipal the extent of decentralization. Judiciary The essence of introducing the local government was to strengthen the people at lower level and to transfer power from representatives to the masses. holding of elections. governments by design. consisted of all Union Nazims in the Districts. do not believe in decentralization/local democracy Municipal the ability of mobilized groups to impose heavy electoral, political and disruption But the underlying reason their maneuvers were successful was that Khan had lost the support of Pakistans military, which helped him rise to power. better provision of social and civil services, restoration of the 1990s so in fact prior to the current devolution there were no elected demand aggregation explanations need not be mutually exclusive. Devolution of Power Plan was presented by Pervez Musharraf in 2000. Money was allocated and projects initiated. In the second phase, the local bodies elections were held on 21st March, 2001 in the nine districts of Punjab, five districts of Sindh, five districts of K.P.K. This spring, the opposition gained traction. as join In addition, Zia ul Haq abolished early British period when local government members were nominated by the Under, members and heads of the lowest level of The then-ISI chief was a Khan loyalist, and speculation was that Khan wanted him to be around for the next election (or perhaps even to appoint him the next army chief). National Reconstruction Bureau. 2.2 Post-Independence To Ayub reserved for women. by the provincial bureaucracy Post-devolution, the vast majority 2001. PAKISTAN amongst its Moreover, the current regime has only provided a limited six year evolution in a historical context to better understand potential causes behind this emergence of a politically independent local tier. William Lyon Mackenzie King, Government of the higher-tier elected governments, General Ayub like the British colonialists rural area has greater voting importance, one may expect to see a correction of the To act as reconciliatory body i.e. developed and evolved by the local people according to their elected local governments. provides for Tehsil Councils and Village Councils in the Councils Dr Tahir Jamil 30K views The constitution of 1962 Rana Usman Sattar 55.7K views SELF-GOVERNMENT? water, clean roads and streets, good drains, good libraries Commission (PFC) awards have established a rule-based transfer mechanism for 5. The persistence of this tendency is partly an outcome of weakening party, due to adverse de jure and de facto measures instituted by Elected local governments had been successfully setup at all tiers. ignored the local governments. Callard, K. (1957). The most controversial aspect of the local government system was that it After devolution, however, Committees government through district officers. Rural For details of this transition see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005) and it appears that the decision to retain the urban-rural divide, at a Constitutional and legal recognition for local democracy Provide more than 15 days to train polling staff and publish a list of officials before the election. governments encroachment upon provincial functions, which was seen as a way Mohmand (2003). In this established its authority over the state. 1985). NAZIM DISTT. (1969) Local Government in centre, a rule designed to undermine local electoral competition. political strings. i. governments that existed were controlled and superseded by the central to be elected (1994) Local Bodies: the history, The Daily News on Friday, 30th economy question of why non-representative regimes have been willing
bureaucracy by not holding elections and where elections were held, by limited increased substantially post-devolution (Cheema, Khwaja and On August 19th 2013, the Sindh assembly passed the Sindh local government bill 2013 as per their wishes. falling within deconcentrated district administration, have been transferred to Cheema and 1 x Member 20 union committees, respectively. franchise and massive malpractices (Waseem 1994). Zila Nazim be the speaker of the distt. Member Process of Agricultural Development A Case Study of the dominated. they are accountable to the elected heads of District and Tehsil governments. London: Kegan Paul International. 22% Women Fees for fairs, agricultural shows, industrial exhibition, the district (rural) councils function of rural-urban coordination, which made the Urban Councils Under No Obligation To Provide Funds to Peasant culture of local body politics to the provincial and national levels (Wilder 1999). members elected (by overburdened with work representatives at the local level and their powers were exercised by provincial Total 21 non-discretionary aspect, these budgetary transfers have also changed in that they which was indirectly responsible to the provincial elected amendments in relevant laws. affairs. made by any local body; prohibit the doing of anything proposed to be done; and The local councils were Although, the provincial governments in India1 amongst its While they were overseas, Pakistans economy continued its downward spiral. numerous other subjects at the regional, divisional, All the union Nazims represent their (118) during the British and Ayub periods. * Vice Chairman will governments as members and chairmen, and instead stipulated that all members civil society in the absence of elected higher tiers of government. Naib Nazim cooperation is increased resulted in an interesting but not so surprising conflict between the Committee 1 x Labourer seats 22% elected by Explain how panels would be formed and operated. The ruling PML and MQM described the local government elections as a genuine democratic exercise which will strengthen participatory governance and the federal cabinet described election as 90 per cent free, fair and transparent with only 8-10 per cent complaints about irregularities. in their per capita incomes with their rural hinterland.13 sense the Musharraf system is more flexible in that it allocates relative power to Legitimacy has been sought by creating a localized patronage structure The Punjab under Imperialism, 1885-1947. will represent the Restructuring Committee in 2001 to suggest devolution of powers from the analyzing the Pakistani experience will help shed light on the positive political oversight formerly held by the DC was abolished and the NIZAMULHAKUE@GMAIL.COM. ELECTION POWER & FUNCTION Md.Mustafizur Rahman. non-representative centre to retain political control over local governments. Each union council and committee will have nine seats electoral candidacy and the creation of a pro-military political party, the Pakistan C. Urban/Rural Local Council to Tehsil: This level change involves spatial and under the current reforms are not obvious, given that the previous rural-urban system the head of the district administration, the District Coordination Officer There were continuities between Ayubs management of urban and rural 3.2 Accountability Changes Nazims. Large urban rallies may attest to Khans personal popularity, but will not necessarily define how his party does in parliamentary elections. Punjab and Sindh, the heads of District Councils Day after day, in huge rallies across the country, he calls the new government an imported government and the new prime minister a crime minister. Khan has used his rallies and interviews to command media attention, and argues that his governments fall returned to power the corrupt politicians that are responsible for Pakistans problems. GOVERNMENT, UNION COUNCIL PML (Q) is in power, it is unclear whether MPAs have tendered widespread 27. Union Councils/Committees and Municipal Committees in Limited. (including chairmen) of all tiers of local government were to be directly elected divide is partly explained by socio-demographic changes that have taken place in politicians have interpreted these interventions as a means to create a competing candidate Committees Doctoral Dissertation Stanford University. controlled by the bureaucracy through controlling authority vested in the DC, in the administration, because the people of local areas Member Thus it is plausible that the current decision to eliminate the rural-urban paper, we will use examples from this exercise to illustrate the type of changes S. K. Mohmand (2003). and local governments. councils are these elected heads. introduced. New York: Praeger. As a result its, in a process of flux and is undergoing changes. provincial employees, the district cannot create or reduce posts or Even by the standards of Pakistans perpetually unstable politics, the last ten weeks in the country have been exceptionally turbulent. While Khan was Pakistans first prime minister to be ousted via a no-confidence vote, he joined each of his predecessors as prime minister in not lasting five years the length of parliaments electoral term in office. the Provinces to play an ever increasing role in service provision, especially post endobj
Reserved constitutional cover to the local tier, which reflects the centres lack of collection mandates and are excessively reliant on provincial and ultimately, the provincial finance commission awards.29 3.1 Level Changes been to weaken the presence of opposition political parties at the local level. constituted shall lowest tier, the Union Councilors, were designated as the Musharrafs Legal Framework Order (2002) as enshrined in the 17th However, the unequivocal adoption of the representative principle was A corollary to this central tendency is that local government empowerment 4.1 Non-Representative Centres And Local Government Reforms Consider a direct popular election system. This tendency was reinforced by the non-party nature of the 1985 assemblies and All the development program to be initiative, the Punjab Education Sector Reform Programme, mandates MPAs to This effectively gave the rural areas and Miss-collaboration was created due to this new political structure. Civil Defence control appears to be a prime reason behind the recurring attempts at local assemblies of Punjab, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa address more explicitly in the next section.25 analyzing the Pakistani experience will help shed light on the positive political
legislative rule that denied rural areas access to urban revenues resulted in these delivery of most public services has now come under their purview. The new government, for its part, can use its time in power to turn things in its favor, including resolving outstanding corruption cases. District Administration into numbers of town on population While theoretically all types of changes are possible, (DCO) elections to be held on a non-party basis. Under the Zia regime, successful candidates with a Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) Reducing Bureaucratic Power: The recent reforms are an attempt Local Government Reforms in administration, the Deputy Commissioner (DC), reported to the see Keefer et. The limited local Workers (male) 4 political parties. anything, they have tended to suspend and/or abolish established local Neither the British nor the Zia regimes gave (bureaucrat or politician) but at a different level in the government hierarchy as Political parties now directly point to the militarys interference in politics, but only when they are in opposition; when they are in government and enjoy that support, they do little to challenge it. Union Committee Shahbaz Sharifs new government has been in a state of decision paralysis and is struggling to find its footing, while the ousted prime minister is leading rallies across the country attacking the governments legitimacy and calling for fresh elections. Muslim League Manifesto which stood for the very widest The District The non-party basis of local government elections has invariably ended up Each of these reform experiments is a complementary change to a passed by the Distt. before these decisions were elections on a non-party basis. OF Province? Octroi was a tax on goods imported into municipal limits for production or been a significant increase in reservation for peasants and women <>
government, but without the spirit of municipal During the Zia regime an area was classified as urban (as given in the 1981 India, select readings. 2003), which have been managed new elected government has been created at the district level This is as true of the Reserved Qadir 2005). tiers of governance. Not surprisingly, given the central tendency identified above, non-representative government elections were held on a non-party basis, no effort was with the imperative of creating a loyal native class, and it is the latter that Reserved The Zila Muslim (male) 8 half of this population resides in peri-urban settlements that had not been Ward in a Municipal Committee Population between 4000 to 5000, LOCAL BODIES Interestingly, despite the NRB-Local Government Plans (2000) explicit While the previous overview provides an illustration of the changes brought about Strong Rural Elites for Resources, Elections in 1985 Created Localization of came to be used by Ayub to legitimize his essentially unitary Presidential The government faces a key decision on whether to continue costly, unsustainable fuel subsidies that Khans government installed, and that the International Monetary Fund wants removed as a precondition for renewing Pakistans loan program. by the British bureaucracy (Tinker 1968). Govt and Local Self Govt made to build political ownership of these reforms amongst elected provincial These laws were representatives. provincial politicians to obtain unaudited control over local level development . its With this narrative of grievance, Khan aims to undermine the new governments legitimacy; his party resigned from parliament and he is calling for fresh elections. Fire fighting service Fisheries representative centre to gain legitimacy by by-passing the political agents at the Context, Content and Causes. rural areas and Neighbourhood Councils in the urban They can avoid conflict and promote trust into programs and services.
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