demonstrates how local conditions are often unsuited to the ideal type of civil society as delineated in Western values, for instance in cases where numerous political, . A fascist regime is a government that embraces extreme nationalism, violence, and action with the goal of internal cleansing and external expansion. What are two of the ways Fascism took shape in the Po Valley? Could a Long-Ruling Party Fall in Paraguay? 'The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by. Thomas Carothers, co-director of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peaces Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program, is a leading expert on comparative democratization and international support for democracy. Even Russian President Vladimir Putin, the prototypical authoritarian strongman, displayed striking avoidance behavioror perhaps apathyby moving to his countryside residence outside Moscow after the virus arrived in Russia, leaving his subordinates to convey negative news to the public. In recent months Beijing has tried to burnish its relationship with Europe, welcoming a string of European leaders to China. Mussolini, founder of the Italian National Fascist party, was among the first to experiment in this way. This fascination with some of the darkest aspects of our shared past has meant that there is a huge wealth of material written about . Amy Elizabeth Robinson is a freelance writer, editor, and historian with a Ph.D. in the History of Britain and the British Empire from Stanford University. We call these characteristics fascism, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, 2. Following a series of planned demonstrations known as the March on Rome, Mussolini was named Prime Minister by the King of Italy. There were no bureaucrats to rein in the Fascists. Charismatic appeal rather than successful domestic policies enabled single-party leaders to maintain power. With reference to Mao, to what extent do you agree with this statement? To what extent did the structure and organization of government in Germany between 1933 and 1939 contribute to Hitlers maintenance of power? Do you see any of them flying around? 83 - How did Castro deal with Lanz + Urrutria, and how did this reflect on him as leader? Consolidation and maintenance of power. Mussolini came to power eleven years before Hitler did, and Italian Fascists were active as early as 1919. Battle for Lira: Fail (tried to revalue Lira but artificially raised value which resulted in declining exports), -Breeders Authoritarian leaders revel in projecting an image of strength. In lieu of claiming that the coronavirus was invisible and therefore not present, quite a few authoritarian leaders have made themselves invisible instead. (May 2006), Analyse thenature and extent of internal opposition and the methods used to deal with this opposition by Stalin, Evaluate the contribution to the rise to power of Hitler of each of the following: National Socialist ideology; the use of force; economic crises. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. These failings are likely to have negative long-term consequences for these regimes. (May 2007, May 2005), It was personality and not circumstances that brought rulers of single-party states to power. To what extent do you agree with this statement? In what ways did Mussolini pursue an aggressive foreign policy? Discuss with reference to two authoritarian leaders. All rights reserved. Asked about his position on whether Crimea was part of Ukraine or not, Lu said in a French TV interview on Friday that historically it was part of Russia and had been offered to Ukraine by the former Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Yet this discouraging near-term political picture becomes less ominous, or at least less clear-cut, if one looks down the road. Antisemitism (discrimination against Jews) defined Nazism in Germany, but that was not exactly the case with Italian Fascism, at least before 1938. China downgraded diplomatic ties with Lithuania and pressured multinationals to sever links with it in December 2021 after the Baltic nation, which has long favoured a hard EU line on Beijing, allowed Taiwan to open a de facto embassy in Vilnius. Crises states are induced by: War, including the aftermath of war. You should be looking at the title, author, headings, pictures, and opening sentences of paragraphs for the gist. Many other Japanese citizens, however, embraced the cause of nationalism and military expansion. Moreover, among democracies, those with leaders who have strong illiberal tendencies, like U.S. President Donald Trump and Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, have done the worst in responding to the pandemic. Thomas Carothers is senior vice president for studies and the Harvey V. Fineberg Chair for Democracy Studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Sign up to receive emails from Carnegies Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program! He is currently working on a dissertation about missionaries, theology, and empire in the 18th and 19th centuries. In 2019, an EU policy document described China as simultaneously a partner, economic competitor and systemic rival, but different member states attach different weight to each part of that assessment. Washington, DC 20024-2126 Beijing on Monday sought to defuse the row. In Weimar Germany they thrived' - Condon However, in Indonesia the democratic process was suspended altogether and after about a decade of independence . We draw on over a decade of fieldwork in the Salween River Basin where dams and diversions have been proposed since 1979, including the most recent iteration, the Yuam . Discuss (a) the ideology of, and (b) . They believed Japan had a superior culture, and could rule other Asians better than the European empires had. 89 - How did the USA use economics to try and destabilise Castro? In recent months, countries such as Algeria, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Russia, Thailand, and Uzbekistan have passed so-called fake news laws related to the pandemic that criminalize criticisms of their governments responses to the public health emergency or even reporting of pandemic conditions that does not match the governments preferred narratives. It started with a string of violent clashes in the northern part of Italy beginning in 1920. This policy extended not only to sexual relations and marriage, but to any kind of social relationship at all. Asked if China stood behind the envoys remarks, the foreign ministrys spokesperson Mao Ning said China had been one of the first countries to establish diplomatic relations with former Soviet states. The independent sovereign nations that emerged after the fall of the former Soviet Union "don't have effective status under international law because there is not an international agreement . The projection of national power overseas resonated with many Italians. Before you read the article, you should skim it first. economic factors'. The Fascists, led by Mussolini, formed a street-fighting group called the Blackshirts to support the landowners. The conquest of Ethiopia prompted Fascists to set harsher boundaries of who could be assimilated and who could not. Direct link to Yagnesh Peddatimmareddy's post mussolini created a dicta, Posted a month ago. In other words, the lack of a reasonably level playing field notwithstanding, elections are still competitivealbeit unfair. Emergence of authoritarian states. He was offered a deal just as the Nazis started to lose votes. It is the ending of the world. Half of all Frenchmen aged 20 to 32 at wars outbreak were dead when it was over. The ISW said while this tactic may be useful for maintaining authoritarian rule in the Kremlin, it is "disruptive" to efforts to command the military and results in "the return of formerly demoted . (May 2009, TZ1), To what extent was the ruler of one single-party state successful in achieving his aims? 87 - How did the US respond to the Cuban Revolution? TTY: 202.488.0406, To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that, Guidelines for Teaching About the Holocaust, Aftermath of World War I and the Rise of Nazism, 19181933, World War II and the Holocaust, 19391945, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. The president of Burundi assured his citizens that divine protection would suffice against the virus, while Venezuelas president trafficked in farfetched conspiracy theories and promoted on social media the use of herbal concoctions to treat the virus. Authoritarian states DO NOT emerge in times of peace and prosperity. -Frequent changes of chancellor. 96 - How did Castro see social policy? It may be all, some, or none: Photo of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini walking besides decorated members of the Italian military. Compare and contrastthe importance ofthe use of force on the emergence of twoauthstates,each from a different region, Evaluate the impact of domestic economic policies on the maintenance of power in two AS, each from a different region. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. Although there was much weakness in the political system of Weimar Germany from 1919-1933, one man stablised all areas of both politics and daily life for Germans, and hence must be considered a key block in the Nazis' rise to power. The term "totalitarian" is even credited to, Italian fascism emerged in the economic crisis of the 1920s and 1930s. The conservative politicians in the new Cabinet didnt like or trust Hitler, but they liked democracy even less, and they saw the leftist parties as a bigger threat. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. But it is likely to contribute to the significant authoritarian shakiness that has made itself felt over the past decade. Although many Japanese civilians were not supportive of these military efforts, it became dangerous to question the government or the military. Social and economic policies in authoritarian states did not always achieve their aims.. How successful were they? One month later, when arson gutted the German parliament building, Hitler and his nationalist coalition partners seized their chance. In 1949-58, 75% of all imports came from the USA; 65% of all exports went to the USA. - Outline Castro's health and education policies. Why do you think Mussolini was less successful than Hitler in this respect? They did not use race. States and China might entail out to 2050, the authors. leader contribute to the rise to power of that leader. Much like Hitler and Mussolini, Stalin used violence and propaganda to maintain order and power. Examine the impact of the foreign policy of two authoritarian states on the maintenance of power in those states. After local resistance was crushed, Mussolini's regime established a tight grip over the region. From this year onward, Italy moved closer and closer to the Nazi position. Still, Fascism in Italy was not without racism. Italians convinced themselves that this firepower made them superior to their Ethiopian victims. Numerous nondemocracies, from Russia and Iran to Venezuela and Togo, have been rocked by significant protests. Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for starting the war and to pay heavy reparations. In someincluding Algeria, Armenia, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Sudanprotests have driven leaders out of power. To do so, three practices are studied . The new governments first targets were political opponents. Totalitarianism, authoritarianism, and fascism are all forms of government characterized by a strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life through coercion and repression. The democratic elections of Weimar Germany were idealistic, as they allowed representation of a wide cross-section of society in the Government. These questions will help you get a better understanding of the concepts and arguments that are presented in the article. (3) How did Castro's domestic policies affect Cuba? Advances in the technology of killing included the use of poison gas. Dont assume western democracy will last forever, Ukraine ammunition depot reportedly hit in wave of Russian missile attacks. This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. This unique book weaves together literary works, . This is a list of key notes that you can use in paper 2 as the most important factors that need to be studied as recommended by the History guide. - Had to go to war way quicker than was prepared to due to Hitler's orders--> many peasants were conscripted to army UNHAPPY ITALIANS The unstable authoritarian pathway that so many states followed after colonial rule was . Through violence, they had become what one historian called, "a. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. The state decided who was an enemy quickly, arbitrarily (randomly), and irreversibly. I dont see them either. In Tanzania, which has not published nationwide figures relating to the coronavirus since May 8, President John Magufuli insisted that the country had defeated the virus through prayer. Before the onset of the Great Depression in Germany in 1929-1930, the National Socialist German Workers' Party (or Nazi Party for short) was a small party on the radical right of the German political spectrum. Five years later they conquered Inner Mongolia as well, and a year later pushed into northern China. His research focuses on modern Europe with an emphasis on Germany and Britain from 1789 to 1918. As the coronavirus has spread, many political observers have warned that it is bolstering authoritarianism globally. Unit Objectives: Authoritarian and Single Party States. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system, 2.) (Specimen), The aims and policies of single-party state rulers rarely followed their declared ideology. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? What distinguished Italian Fascism from Nazisms biological view of race? And Chinese leaders are working to dilute the liberal norms and erode human rights protections that are . They would call their empire the "Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere". It is hollowing out democratic institutions and enhancing the tools of repression in developing countries. Moreover, most authoritarianswhatever the quality of their pandemic policiesface enormous new economic pressures as a result of the virus. Key Weaknesses Plaguing Authoritarians. In Russia, for example, Putin devolved pandemic decisionmaking to regional officials more accustomed to executing his orders than responding to local citizens concerns. They had to be conquered or excluded from the Italian nation. We engage geography's longstanding debate on what "counts" as resistance by introducing slow resistance to account for temporal-political strategies against unjust developments, particularly under authoritarian conditions. Among his achievements was the creation of organizations designed to make children grow up to be good Fascists. mussolini created a dictarship in italy when he was given the position as prime minister, Course: World History Project - 1750 to the Present, World History Project - 1750 to the Present. He also supported the brutal suppression of anti-colonial resistance in Libya. INTRODUCTION. 83 - How did Castro's policies on elections + INRA reflect this shift? (1) How did Fidel Castro rise to power in Cuba? Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. (goal: increase acceptance of fascist ideology {many ignored indoctrination aspects}), 3.) -Massive public spending reduced unemployment. On top of these governance factors, the economic devastation that most authoritarian countries are facing will further add to citizens anger and restlessness and reduce the financial tools besieged leaders often use to buy off key discontented sectors. We have won power in Germany. The devastating economic effects of lockdown measures have pressured all governments to find a workable balance between public health concerns and citizens economic needs. Crime was on the rise. (May 07), It was personality and not circumstances that brought rulers of single-party states to power. To what extent do you agree with this statement? The Fascist party wanted to crush the existing 'liberal' rulers, but Mussolini allowed many officials to continue working for the state. - How did the collapse of the USSR affect Cuba? 2016. 20. Germanys fledgling democracy was profoundly tested by the crumbling of old values and fears of what might come next. Later in the 1930s, Fascism was strengthened both by Mussolini's attempts to build an overseas empire as well as the increasing likelihood of war in Europe. (Nov 2006), Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power ofoneruler of a single-party state. Of the many fascist states that emerged between the two world wars, Hitler's Germany was the most notoriousbut Mussolini's Italy was the first. Summarise how Castro established control, and how he dealt with external and internal enemies 'Maintenance of power was reliant upon the silencing of opposition". Effective national public health responses to the pandemic require not just clear, consistent mandates from the top, but integrated approaches in which regional and local authorities can take initiative, adapt responses to local conditions, and report critical information up the line. - Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system These youth groups fostered a cult of violent masculinity, expected girls to aspire only to traditional maternal roles, and promoted the authoritarian belief of blind loyalty to the nation. New social problems emerged from the impact of rapid industrialization and the growth of cities. Causes and effects of war: Chinese Civil War, H/L The People's Republic of China 1949-2005, http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2016-03-09/guest-post-message-voting-cattle?page=1, http://paxonbothhouses.blogspot.jp/2014/10/hitler-i-am-acting-as-agent-of-our.html, Cambridge paper - re.opposition to Nazism, http://www.casahistoria.net/ibrevision.htm, In 1943, hundreds of German women saved their Jewish husbands from deathcamps, Propaganda in Authoritarian States - Trump's laughter and clapping instigators, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpHRvuVvrDU, https://medium.com/@laurennreiff/how-do-you-think-nazism-happened-4662332b6c4b, www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1Zxy3Z2i34&has_verified=1, https://www.ted.com/talks/sviatlana_tsikhanouskaya_how_to_be_fearless_in_the_face_of_authoritarianism?utm_source=newsletter_daily&utm_campaign=daily&utm_medium=email&utm_content=button__2020-11-12#t-24, "Final Account" taken from The Guardian 12/03/2021. How consistent was this with Castro's overall vision for Cuban society? Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the With reference to Castro (Cuba) or Nasser (Egypt), to what extent did the use of force contribute tomaintenance of power? By the early twentieth century, events in one place could have widespread political, economic, and cultural consequences. The Fascists soon followed up with assaults throughout the region. Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. [2017] However, their solution was "Italianization." This created famine conditions. Photo of Mussolini and Hitler standing next to each other, each dressed in their military uniforms. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 1. How was Stalin similar to and different from Hitler and Mussolini? The Fascists learned that paramilitary violence was an effective political tool. Both emerged as democratic post-colonial states. President Hindenburg signed a decree that suspended all basic civil rights and constitutional protections, providing the basis for arbitrary police actions. They would destroy their political opponents and, under Mussolinis leadership, create a totalitarian state. This article details some of those experiments. . First and foremost is a penchant for feeble rather than decisive leadership. Analyse the conditions that enabledoneleft-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. 1. But we can also see similarities in the ways that they emerged. (May 2010), Assess the importance of economic distress and ideological appeal in the rise to power ofoneleft-wing andoneright-wing single-party ruler. Graded student examples with one case study. In this way, the imperialist thinking drove Italian policy in more radical directions. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. (May 2005), To what extent were the social and economic policies of one of the following successful: Mao, Nasser, Stalin? At the end of the third read, you should be able to respond to these questions: In this unit we see the rise of governments that have certain political characteristics. Finally, the outcome of the campaign affirmed the Fascist view that, at the end of the day, violent struggle led to power. Using these definitions, evaluate which of these terms can appropriately be applied to this government. Standards of behavior were changing. More than one third of all German men aged 19 to 22 were killed. To what extent did popular support for the aims and ideology of one . To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. (May 05), Compare and contrast the repressive policies of Hitler and Stalin. How did Japanese leaders justify Japans imperial expansion? To what extent was authoritarian control achieved in two 20th-century states? 2023 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. What impact did this have? Battle for Grain: Success (grow more cereal to cut back on foreign imports) 83-84 - Why did Castro try to consolidate the revolution by banning free elections and how is this regarded? There, tensions over pay and work conditions had put landowning farmers in conflict with Socialist-backed workers. David has worked for two academic journals, Posted 2 years ago. 100-01 - What economic policies did the Government introduce to deal with the issues that Cuba faced? 97. Fascists portrayed the war as Italy's "civilizing mission" or the need for "military security". Authoritarian State (Castro) Emergence of Authoritarian States Conditions in which the authoritarian state emerged (Economic-Social Division-Impact of War-Weakness of Political System) Conditions Economic Factors: o In the 19th Century, Cuba's economy entirely depended on the exportation of slave produced goods and trade with the U.S o U.S companies owned many Cuban plantations To what extent did economic factors contribute to the emergence of two authoritarian states, each from a di erent region? Compare and contrast the impact of the policies of two authoritarian states on women. Summarise Castro's rise to power in terms of: - conditions faced; mistakes + weaknesses of others, Compare and contrast the role of propaganda in the emergence of two authoritarian states, each from different regions. Public domain. Photo of young Italian boys wearing Ballilla uniforms. 2. Lu has previously acknowledged being part of the wolf warrior class of Chinese diplomats, a nickname given to envoys who respond vehemently to critics they perceive as hostile to China. How long, and how many casualties did it take for the Fascists to defeat the Socialists? An authoritarian regime focuses on the maintenance of order at the expense of personal freedom. One must govern well, and for good government one must also practice good propaganda. (Nov 2010), Evaluate the successes and failures of one ruler of a single-party state (May 2007, 2005), In what ways, and with what results, was propaganda used byoneruler of a single-party state? 'Hitler and his party would never have come to power without the severe economic and political crisis that engulfed Germany from 1929 onwards' - Overy. These crackdowns impede effective public health responses, given that civil society can be a crucial partner to governmentsespecially for authoritarians with weak state capacity, such as those in many countries in Africa, former Soviet states, and the Middle Eastin terms of collecting and distributing accurate and timely health-related information and delivering resources and care. It was a cataclysm that darkened the worlds view of humanity and its future. In the aftermath of World War I, Germans struggled to understand their countrys uncertain future. 93-4 - Outline the relationship between Cuba + the USSR over the 1960s. authoritarianism, in politics and government, the blind submission to authority and the repression of individual freedom of thought and action. Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. The result was a state that, while authoritarian, was never really totalitarian within the territory of Italy. His military leaders used chemical weapons, forced starvation, concentration camps, and mass resettlement of African Libyans to make space for Italian settlers. 3. In 1935, the Nazis passed the Nuremberg Laws. Course: World History Project - 1750 to the Present, World History Project - 1750 to the Present. Despite Nazi terror and brutal suppression of their opponents, many German citizens willingly accepted or actively supported these extreme measures in favor of order and security. Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you. Emergence of authoritarian states. Japan already had some colonies, including Korea, but many military and business leaders argued that Japan deserved to rule most of Asia. Despite the cutting-edge manipulative tactics and tricks of many authoritarian regimes, they are not immune from what is perhaps the central political imperative of this century: the steadily rising demands of citizens almost everywhere for capable, effective governance. The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. The three themes for this topic are: 1. irreconcilable disparities that were rooted in the different political conditions and traditions of each country. There are still "meaningful democratic institutions" (Levitsky and Way 2010a, 20) within these erstwhile authoritarian regimes.8 What Unpopular rulers or governments, and their overthrow, were responsible for the formation of the majority of twentieth century single-party states. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? Compare and contrast the importance of propaganda to the emergence of two authoritarian states. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda . Authoritarian regimes are systems of government that have no established mechanism for the transfer of executive power and do not afford their citizens civil liberties or political rights. Direct link to 121931's post How was authoritarianism , Posted 2 years ago. The early deterioration of the post-colonial African state into personalized and authoritarian rule in this manner mirrored the concerns that anchor refugee law in the first place as a special regime for persons who have well-grounded fear of persecution by reason of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or . - Mussolini was arrested and executed by a group of Italian Partisans, Battle over Southern Problem: Fail (wanted to build villages in sicily) EU leaders are expected to discuss China policy in June after a recent trip by Emmanuel Macron exposed differences in approach towards handling Xi Jinpings authoritarian rule. Slowed or negative growth, straitened budgets, devastated middle classes, and swelling ranks of poverty-stricken citizens will create political pressure on governments around the worldauthoritarian and democratic alike. In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Manchuria, in China. No party was able to win a clear majority, and without political consensus, successive governments could not effectively govern the nation. Historical examples of such centralized totalitarian rule include the Mauryan dynasty of India (c. 321-c. 185 bce ), the Qin dynasty of China (221 . Ideology and more. Hitler proved to be a charismatic campaigner and used the latest technology to reach people.
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