[196] Hoover further alienated black leaders by nominating conservative Southern judge John J. Parker to the Supreme Court; Parker's nomination ultimately failed in the Senate due to opposition from the NAACP and organized labor. He donated all the files of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, the U.S. Food Administration, and the American Relief Administration, and pledged $50,000 as an endowment (equivalent to $781,478 in 2021). By May 1931 Herbert Jr. had recuperated from his illness, and he and his wife reunited with the children at the White House. [15] Much like West Branch, Newberg was a frontier town settled largely by Midwestern Quakers. Their sister Joan was born in April, 1930. Hoover's work impressed his employers, and in 1898 he was promoted to junior partner. Aside from August 10th, his birthday, Herbert Hoover gave more significant speeches on November 11th than on any other day in the calendar. [124] He did so with the cooperation of African-American leader Robert Russa Moton, who was promised unprecedented influence once Hoover became president. [153] Some regulators and bankers had warned Coolidge and Hoover that a failure to curb speculation would lead to "one of the greatest financial catastrophes that this country has ever seen," but both presidents were reluctant to become involved with the workings of the Federal Reserve System, which regulated banks. formId: "efb0c531-3778-431e-bef8-0350280cc02e", "The Rhetoric of the Post-Presidency: Herbert Hoover's Campaign against the New Deal, 19341936". [180] While Hoover continued to resist direct federal relief efforts, Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York launched the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration to provide aid to the unemployed. May 18, 2022 by Spencer Howard, posted in Herbert Hoover. [171] While other countries left the gold standard, Hoover refused to abandon it;[172] he derided any other monetary system as "collectivism". [260] During the 1948 presidential election, Hoover supported Republican nominee Thomas Dewey's unsuccessful campaign against Truman, but he remained on good terms with Truman. [148] Lou Henry Hoover was an activist First Lady. [87] The following year, famed British economist John Maynard Keynes wrote in The Economic Consequences of the Peace that if Hoover's realism, "knowledge, magnanimity and disinterestedness" had found wider play in the councils of Paris, the world would have had "the Good Peace". For the first nine years of his life, he lived in the small town of West Branch, Iowa, the place of his birth. Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover's grandchildren were an important but little publicized part of the Hoover White House. [270] The book was published in 2012 after being edited by historian George H. [37], Upon arriving in China, Hoover developed gold mines near Tianjin on behalf of Bewick and the Chinese-owned Chinese Engineering and Mining Company. He publicly warned that Chinese workers were inefficient and racially inferior. [164], Hoover had taken office hoping to raise agricultural tariffs in order to help farmers reeling from the farm crisis of the 1920s, but his attempt to raise agricultural tariffs became connected with a bill that broadly raised tariffs. Whatever their politics, they shall be fed! [1] She is author of the book American Individualism: How A New Generation of Conservatives Can Save the Republican Party, published by Crown Forum in 2011. [294], Hoover was inducted into the Australian Prospectors and Miners' Hall of Fame in the category Directors and Management.[295]. He was one of the first graduates of the new Stanford University in 1895. Roosevelt's platform promised repeal of the 18th Amendment. Republican President Warren G. Harding appointed Hoover as Secretary of Commerce in 1920, and he continued to serve under President Calvin Coolidge after Harding died in 1923. [258][259] Though Hoover had opposed Roosevelt's concentration of power in the 1930s, he believed that a stronger presidency was required with the advent of the Atomic Age. ", Arnold, Peri E. "The 'Great Engineer' as Administrator: Herbert Hoover and Modern Bureaucracy. [138] Historians agree that Hoover's national reputation and the booming economy, combined with deep splits in the Democratic Party over religion and Prohibition, guaranteed his landslide victory. The German plan was a quick victory by marching through neutral Belgium to envelop the French Army east of Paris. It is a tragedy. [286] Like many of his peers Hoover considered Whites to be inherently superior to Blacks in most spheres and that interracial marriages were bad; however, he did think education and work would improve Blacks, hence his support for the Tuskegee Institute. [46] By 1914, Hoover was a very wealthy man, with an estimated personal fortune of $4 million (equivalent to $108.21million in 2021). [253] Because of Hoover's experience with Germany at the end of World War I, in 1946 Truman selected the former president to tour Allied-occupied Germany and Rome, Italy to ascertain the food needs of the occupied nations. [28] He first went to Coolgardie, then the center of the Eastern Goldfields, which was actually in Western Australia, receiving a $5,000 salary (equivalent to $162,860 in 2021). It was a matter of being senator for only two months and he declined. Like most other citizens of West Branch, Jesse and Hulda were Quakers. [103] His experience mobilizing the war-time economy convinced him that the federal government could promote efficiency by eliminating waste, increasing production, encouraging the adoption of data-based practices, investing in infrastructure, and conserving natural resources. Both were widely influential, promoting greater uniformity between jurisdictions and tending to promote the automobile's priority in city streets. However, Hamilton also notes that Hoover was politically inept and failed to recognize the severity of the Great Depression. in New York, New York, USA, This form allows you to report an error or to submit additional information about this family tree: Herbert HOOVER (1874), Copyright Wikipdia authors - This article is under licence CC BY-SA 3.0. Hoover had six grandchildren- they are Margaret Ann Hoover (born 1926). House. Herbert, Jr. and Allan, the couple's two grandchildren, were born to them. After the Hoover family sold the Birthplace Cottage in 1878, later owners rotated it 90 degrees, moved it 30 feet west, and attached a larger house. [139] Hoover's appeal to Southern white voters succeeded in cracking the "Solid South", and he won five Southern states. It cannot be done unless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it. [76] Earning the appellation of "food czar", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. Your email address will not be published. Nash. [105] A high priority was economic diplomacy, including promoting the growth of exports, as well as protection against monopolistic practices of foreign governments, especially regarding rubber and coffee. [10] Hoover's mother died in 1884 of typhoid, leaving Hoover, his older brother, Theodore, and his younger sister, May, as orphans. Between Myth and Reality', https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Hoover&oldid=1151850209, Edwards, Barry C. "Putting Hoover on the Map: Was the 31st President a Progressive? By December 1933, it had been ratified by the requisite number of states to become the Twenty-first Amendment. [178] A reserved man with a fear of public speaking, Hoover allowed his opponents in the Democratic Party to define him as cold, incompetent, reactionary, and out-of-touch. [163] These actions were collectively designed to prevent a cycle of deflation and provide a fiscal stimulus. [3] Polls of historians and political scientists have generally ranked Hoover in the bottom third of presidents. [7] Herbert's family figured prominently in the town's public prayer life, due almost entirely to mother Hulda's role in the church. There were three solutions, all of which he tried in close collaboration with the media, which greatly admired him. When it became clear that an extended stay would be necessary, he and his wife arranged for the children to stay at the White House. When asked how he felt on reaching the milestone, Hoover replied, "Too old. [206] Hoover had hoped that the commission's public report would buttress his stance in favor of Prohibition, but the report criticized the enforcement of the Volstead Act and noted the growing public opposition to Prohibition. Hoover's retirement was over 31 years long, one of the longest presidential retirements. Hoover leaves behind to cherish his memory his son Timothy (Rusty Moe) and Herbert, Jr. (Zindy Taylor); his grandchildren Ryan (Lillian Bayley) Hoover of Baltimore,. Mary's brother Theodore described her as a "dark-eyed, sprightly, and lovable little sister." "[284], Racist remarks and racial humor was common at the time, but Hoover never indulged in them while President and deliberate discrimination was anathema to him; he thought of himself as a friend to Blacks and an advocate for their progress. Herbert Hoover High School Obituaries and Memoriams. [81] The Food Administration shipped 23 million metric tons of food to the Allied Powers, preventing their collapse and earning Hoover great acclaim. [33][34][35] The New York Times wrote, "Under Ms. Hoover's direction, the discourse is civil and substantive". For a detailed description of the grandchildrens role in the 1930 White House Christmas party for family and staff, see https://hoover.blogs.archives.gov/2020/12/02/a-1930-white-house-christmas-recollection/. [261] Hoover favored the United Nations in principle, but he opposed granting membership to the Soviet Union and other Communist states. [132] Hoover accepted the nomination at Stanford Stadium, telling a huge crowd that he would continue the policies of the Harding and Coolidge administrations. [152] Most dangerous of all to the economy was excessive speculation that had raised stock prices far beyond their value. He employed that solution in 19251926 in the worldwide rubber crisis. 3 children. On December 8, 1930, the three children and their nurse arrived by early morning train at Washingtons Union Station. [221] The Republican expectations were so bleak that Hoover faced no serious opposition for re-nomination at the 1932 Republican National Convention. Born in an Iowa village in 1874, he grew up in Oregon. [73][74], War upon Germany was declared in April 1917, and American food was essential to Allied victory. [269] In 1944, he began working on Freedom Betrayed, which he often referred to as his "magnum opus". [232], Hoover departed from Washington in March 1933, bitter at his election loss and continuing unpopularity. Hoover Heads. 1938. Another school year is ending across America. [5] Around age two "Bertie", as he was called during that time, contracted a serious bout of croup, and was momentarily thought to have died until resuscitated by his uncle, John Minthorn. [120] Other accomplishments included winning the agreement of U.S. Steel to adopt an eight-hour workday, and the fostering of the Colorado River Compact, a water rights compact among Southwestern states. [243] He rejected Roosevelt's offers to help coordinate relief in Europe,[244] but, with the help of old friends from the CRB, helped establish the Commission for Polish Relief. In 1914 at the outbreak of World War I, he organized and headed the Commission for Relief in Belgium, an international relief organization that provided food to occupied Belgium. [128] Despite his lukewarm feelings towards Hoover, Coolidge had no desire to split the party by publicly opposing the popular Commerce Secretary's candidacy. The library is one of thirteen presidential libraries run by the National Archives and Records Administration. One of the commissions started by Hoover, the Research Committee on Social Trends, was tasked with surveying the entirety of American society. Although disaster response did not fall under the duties of the Commerce Department, the governors of six states along the Mississippi River specifically asked President Coolidge to appoint Hoover to coordinate the response to the flood. Hoover proposed a new constitutional amendment that was vague on particulars. Andy happens to be the grandson of President Herbert Hoover, and he says his home contained some items and memorabilia from his grandfather's presidency that cannot be replaced. The great-grandson of former President Herbert Hoover was killed Wednesday morning after his helicopter crashed just seconds after take-off. Tragedy struck the family when his father died in 1880 and his mother too perished a few years later in 1884. [8] As a child, Hoover consistently attended schools, but he did little reading on his own aside from the Bible. Relevance [92], In 1919, Hoover established the Hoover War Collection at Stanford University. Allan Henry Hoover (1907-1993), married 1937 to Margaret Coberly (1911-2009). [115], Phillips Payson O'Brien argues that Hoover had a Britain problem. [161] Hoover also convinced railroads and public utilities to increase spending on construction and maintenance, and the Federal Reserve announced that it would cut interest rates. [236], Only 58 when he left office, Hoover held out hope for another term as president throughout the 1930s. [211] Notwithstanding those actions, he wound down the Banana Wars, ending the occupation of Nicaragua and nearly bringing an end to the occupation of Haiti. [188] Though some economists, like William Trufant Foster, favored deficit spending to address the Great Depression, most politicians and economists believed in the necessity of keeping a balanced budget. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Conditions were harsh in the goldfields; Hoover described the Coolgardie and Murchison rangelands on the edge of the Great Victoria Desert as a land of "black flies, red dust and white heat". "Three-quarters of the bill will be sent to the average man and the poor," he said in a speech. When the children would visit him while he was working, he would give them goodies from a stash he kept in his desk drawer. [195] Though Robert Moton and some other black leaders accepted the lily-white strategy as a temporary measure, most African-American leaders were outraged. [116] First came the image of the dispassionate scientist, emotionally uninvolved but always committed to finding and implementing the best possible solution. [202] According to legal professor Kevin R. Johnson, the repatriation campaign meets the modern legal standards of ethnic cleansing, as it involved the forced removal of a racial minority by government actors. [22] Hoover was a mediocre student, and he spent much of his time working in various part-time jobs or participating in campus activities. [285] However many of his Black contemporaries had a different view; W. E. B. Hoover was born to a Quaker family in West Branch, Iowa, but he grew up in Oregon. [10][11], Hoover worked for the George W. Bush administration as associate director of Intergovernmental Affairs. Scholars contend the campaign meets modern legal standards of ethnic cleansing. [23] Though he was initially shy among fellow students, Hoover won election as student treasurer and became known for his distaste for fraternities and sororities. [226][227], Hoover originally planned to make only one or two major speeches and to leave the rest of the campaigning to proxies, as sitting presidents had traditionally done. Mary Blanche Hoover was born September 1, 1876 in West Branch, Iowa to Jesse and Hulda Hoover in the same two-room cottage as future president Herbert Hoover. Afterwards, Hoover's wife, Lou Henry Hoover, who had been buried in Palo Alto, California, following her death in 1944, was re-interred beside him. [75] Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. Jesse's blacksmith had grown to be very successful, and in 1878, Jesse Hoover sold the practice to open a farm implement store on the corner of Main and Downey Streets. To eliminate waste, he encouraged standardization of products like automobile tires and baby bottle nipples. [183] In January 1932, he convinced Congress to authorize the establishment of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), which would provide government-secured loans to financial institutions, railroads, and local governments. A 2018 poll of the American Political Science Association's Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Hoover as the 36th best president. Besides having his train and motorcades pelted with eggs and rotten fruit, he was often heckled while speaking, and on several occasions, the Secret Service halted attempts to hurt Hoover, including capturing one man nearing Hoover carrying sticks of dynamite, and another already having removed several spikes from the rails in front of the president's train.
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